Monday 23 January 2012
PHOTOPERIODISM
Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of
organisms to the length of
day or night. It occurs in plants and animals. Photoperiodism can also be
defined as the developmental
responses of plants to the
relative lengths of the light
and dark periods. Here it
should be emphasized that photoperiodic effects relate
directly to the timing of both
the light and dark periods. In plants Many flowering plants use a photoreceptor protein , such as phytochrome or cryptochrome , to sense seasonal changes in night
length, or photoperiod, which
they take as signals to flower.
In a further subdivision,
obligate photoperiodic plants
absolutely require a long or short enough night before
flowering, whereas
facultative photoperiodic
plants are more likely to
flower under the appropriate
light conditions, but will eventually flower regardless
of night length. Photoperiodic flowering
plants are classified as long-
day plants or short-day
plants, though the regulatory
mechanism is actually
governed by hours of darkness, not the length of
the day. Modern biologists believe [citation needed] that it is the coincidence of the active
forms of phytochrome or
cryptochrome, created by
light during the daytime, with
the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the
night. Other than flowering,
photoperiodism in plants
includes the growth of stems
or roots during certain
seasons, or the loss of leaves. Long-day plants A long-day plant requires
fewer than a certain number
of hours of darkness in each
24-hour period to induce
flowering. These plants
typically flower in the northern hemisphere during late spring or early summer as
days are getting longer. In the
northern hemisphere, the
longest day of the year is on
or about 21 June (solstice). After that date, days grow
shorter (i.e. nights grow
longer) until 21 December
(solstice). This situation is
reversed in the southern
hemisphere (i.e. longest day is 21 December and shortest day
is 21 June). In some parts of
the world, however, "winter"
or "summer" might refer to
rainy versus dry seasons,
respectively, rather than the coolest or warmest time of
year. Some long-day obligate plants
are:Carnation (Dianthus) Henbane (Hyoscyamus) Oat (Avena) Ryegrass (Lolium) Clover (Trifolium) Bellflower (Campanula carpatica) Some long-day facultative
plants are: Pea (Pisum sativum) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Wheat (Triticum aestivum, spring wheat cultivars) Turnip (Brassica rapa) Arabidopsis thaliana (model organism) Short-day plants Short-day plants flower when
the night is longer than a
critical length. They cannot
flower under long days or if a
pulse of artificial light is shone
on the plant for several minutes during the middle of
the night; they require a
consolidated period of
darkness before floral
development can begin.
Natural nighttime light, such as moonlight or lightning, is
not of sufficient brightness or
duration to interrupt
flowering. In general, short-day (i.e.
long-night) plants flower as
days grow shorter (and
nights grow longer) after 21
June in the northern
hemisphere, which is during summer or fall. The length of
the dark period required to
induce flowering differs
among species and varieties of
a species. Photoperiod affects flowering
when the shoot is induced to
produce floral buds instead of
leaves and lateral buds. Note
that some species must pass
through a "juvenile" period during which they cannot be
induced to flower—common
cocklebur is an example of a
plant species with a
remarkably short period of
juvenility and plants can be induced to flower when quite
small. Some short-day obligate
plants are: Chrysanthemum Coffee Poinsettia Strawberry Tobacco, var. Maryland Mammouth Common duckweed , (Lemna minor) Cocklebur (Xanthium) Maize – tropical cultivars only[citation needed] Some short-day facultative
plants are: Hemp (Cannabis) Cotton (Gossypium) Rice Sugar cane Day-neutral plants Day-neutral plants, such as cucumbers, roses and tomatoes, do not initiate
flowering based on
photoperiodism at all; they
flower regardless of the night
length. They may initiate
flowering after attaining a certain overall developmental
stage or age, or in response to
alternative environmental
stimuli, such as vernalisation (a period of low
temperature), rather than in
response to photoperiod.
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